8. Morphogenesis and three-dimensional movement of the stomach during the human embryonic period,
2014 May;297(5):791-7. doi: 10.1002/ar.22833.
377例の胚子MR画像を用いて、CS16-23の胃の形態形成と動きを検討
stageごとに特徴的な形態
CS18; 胃角、胃底部の隆起
CS18-20; 胃角は90度程度であったが、それ以降鋭角
CS20; 噴門、幽門の分化がみられた。
大弯(M)の３次元的な動き(M), は噴門(C)、幽門(P)の動きと大きく異なる。
C、PはCS16-23の間正中矢状面上にほぼ存在
Mは尾側、左側にCS22まで大きく移動
CPは左右軸を中心に回転
胃の最大平面CPMはおもに頭尾軸を中心に回転
胃の偏位とdifferential growthにより胃は左側、尾側に移動するように見えると推察
CS22の胃; 左から、胃の立体像、 最大断面像、解剖学的観察点、空間座標内の表示
本研究の立体画像元データの一部はMorphoMuseuMに受諾されました。
20. Nako A, Kaigai N, Shiraki N, Yamada S, Uwabe C, Kose K, Takakuwa T, 3D models related to the publication: Morphogenesis of the stomach during the human embryonic period, MorphoMuseuM, in press
ABSTRACT
The stomach develops as the local widening of the foregut after Carnegie stage (CS) 13 that moves in a dramatic and dynamic manner during the embryonic period. Using the magnetic resonance images of 377 human embryos, we present the morphology, morphometry, and three-dimensional movement of the stomach during CS16 and CS23. The stomach morphology revealed stage-specific features. The angular incisura and the cardia were formed at CS18. The change in the angular incisura angle was approximately 90° during CS19 and CS20, and was <90° after CS 21. The prominent formations of the fundus and the pylorus differentiate at around CS20. Morphometry of the stomach revealed that the stomach gradually becomes “deflected” during development. The stomach may appear to move to the left laterally and caudally due to its deflection and differential growth. The track of the reference points in the stomach may reflect the visual three-dimensional movement. The movement of point M, representing the movement of the greater curvature, was different from that of points C (cardia) and P (pyloric antrum). The P and C were located just around the midsagittal plane in all the stages observed. Point M moved in the caudal-left lateral direction until CS22. Moreover, the vector CP does not rotate around the dorsoventral axis, as widely believed, but around the transverse axis. The plane CPM rotated mainly around the longitudinal axis. The data obtained will be useful for prenatal diagnosis in the near future.
Articular cartilage is roughly separated into three areas: the tangential, middle, and deep zones. The structure and molecular components of an additional important zone, the most superficial zone (MSZ), which directly faces the joint cavity, have yet to be conclusively elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to use multiple methods to study the MSZ in order to determine its structure.
Materials and methods
Knees from 16 pigs (age, 6 months) were used. Full-thickness cartilage specimens were harvested from the femoral groove. The MSZ was observed using light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with histochemical and immunohistochemical methods.
Results
The combined findings from the three different observational methods indicate that the MSZ is subdivided into three layers. Among these three layers, collagen subtypes I, II, and III are present in the innermost (third) layer of the MSZ. Beneath the third layer, type II collagen is the predominant type, with small amounts of type III collagen. This layer beneath the third layer is considered to be the tangential layer.
Conclusions
Our observations indicate that the MSZ is subdivided into three layers. Further analysis of the molecular components in each layer may improve our understanding of the structure of the articular surface.
2012年3月に出版しましたthe Human Embryo内のreview, ”Developmental Anatomy of the Human Embryo – 3D-Imaging and Analytical Techniques” ー３次元イメージ解析技術を応用したヒト胚子発生解剖ーのダウンロード回数が１年間で1500を超えました。アメリカ、インド、中国、イタリア等多くの国々からアクセスが有り、月100以上のダウンロードがありました。私たちの研究活動が世界に発信できることは喜ばしいことです。
The morphological and histological changes of the choroid plexus (CP) during Carnegie stage (CS) 18 and CS23 were presented, based on magnetic resonance imaging data and histological serial section of human embryos from the Kyoto Collection of Human Embryos. The primordium of the CP was initially detected as a small lump at CS19 that grew caudally, so that the CP became crescent shaped. It developed in all directions after CS21, as the dorsal and frontal growth also became prominent. The CP formed a number of undulating surfaces at CS20, irregular bulges at CS21, and then three large clusters with two deep fissures on the caudal surface at CS23. The mean volume of the CP was 0.282±0.141 mm3 at CS19; it reached 16.8±8.77 mm3 at CS23. Additionally, the histology was different depending on the regions of the CP at all stages after CS20. The epithelium and angioblasts in the center of the stroma were proliferated in the proximal region, whereas the epithelium was differentiated and lobulated in the distal region where the blood vascular system was organized. The histological differentiation was mapped on the CP reconstructed from histological serial sections. The data suggested the correlation between morphological information obtained from magnetic resonance data sets and distribution of the differentiation. With the help of morphological analysis and histological findings, we have been able to categorize each CP into specific stages. These findings will be useful in clinical evaluation of development during the embryonic period.
ヒトの肝臓の形態形成についての論文 (Hirose et al) がAnatomical Recordsの Highlights記事で紹介されました.
AR Highlights
Embryonic Liver Morphology and Morphometry by Magnetic Resonance Microscopic Imaging by Ayumi Hirose, Takashi Nakashima, Shigehito Yamada, Chigako Uwabe, Katsumi Kose, and Tetsuya Takakuwa. Anat Rec 295:51–59
The liver plays an important role in the development of organs in the prenatal period. However, morphological and morphometric features of the liver during the early embryonic period are not well understood. Recent advances in medical imaging have enabled earlier assessment of human development in the first trimester. The authors carried out external morphologic and morphometric analysis of the liver during this period using a superparallel magnetic resonance microscope to image embryos obtained from the Kyoto Collection. They determined the external morphology as well as quantitative morphometry of the embryonic liver. They also found that development of the liver was greatly affected by adjacent organs and tissues. The data from this study provide a better understanding of liver development as well as morphogenesis of nearby organs. The authors’ results could also be used as a reference for clinical evaluation in the early stage of gestation, and this could be useful in fetal medicine and prenatal diagnosis. The authors predict that further improvement in imaging modalities will enable more precise detection of the intrahepatic vascular system.
5.Hamabe Y, Hirose A, Yamada S, Takakuwa T et al, Morphology and Morphometry of Fetal Liver at 16–26 Weeks of Gestation by Magnetic Resonance Imaging – Comparison with Embryonic Liver at Carnegie Stage 23, Hepatol Res,2013; 43: 639–647, doi: 10.1111/hepr.12000
Abstract
Aim
Normal liver growth was described morphologically and morphometrically using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of human fetuses, and compared with embryonic liver to establish a normal reference chart for clinical use.
Methods
MRI images from 21 fetuses at 16–26 weeks of gestation and eight embryos at Carnegie stage (CS)23 were investigated in the present study. Using the image data, the morphology of the liver as well as its adjacent organs was extracted and reconstructed three-dimensionally. Morphometry of fetal liver growth was performed using simple regression analysis.
Results
The fundamental morphology was similar in all cases of the fetal livers examined. The liver tended to grow along the transversal axis. The four lobes were clearly recognizable in the fetal liver but not in the embryonic liver. The length of the liver along the three axes, liver volume and four lobes correlated with the bodyweight (BW). The morphogenesis of the fetal liver on the dorsal and caudal sides was affected by the growth of the abdominal organs, such as the stomach, duodenum and spleen, and retroperitoneal organs, such as the right adrenal gland and right kidney. The main blood vessels such as inferior vena cava, portal vein and umbilical vein made a groove on the surface of the liver. Morphology of the fetal liver was different from that of the embryonic liver at CS23.
Conclusion
The present data will be useful for evaluating the development of the fetal liver and the adjacent organs that affect its morphology.
4. Shiraishi N, Yamada S, Takakuwa T. Three-dimensional Models Once Again – for research and teaching of early human development, Congenit Anom (Kyoto), 2013; 53(1), 58-59, doi: 10.1002/ar.22662
2.Nakashima T, Hirose A, Yamada S, Uwabe C, Kose K, Takakuwa T, Morphometric analysis of the brain vesicles during the human embryonic period by magnetic resonance microscopic imaging, Congenit Anom (Kyoto). 2012 Mar;52(1):55-8, doi; 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2011.00345.x
ABSTRACT
The development of the brain vesicles between Carnegie stages (CS) 17 and 23 was analyzed morphometrically using 177 magnetic resonance image data derived from the Kyoto Collection of Human Embryos. Whole embryonic volume was 106.55 ± 21.08 mm3 at CS17, exponentially increasing to CS23 when it reached 1357.28 ± 392.20 mm3. Length of brain vesicles was 29.83 ± 2.52 mm at CS17, increased almost linearly and reached 49.31 ± 6.66 mm at CS23. The rate of increase was approximately 4.2 times higher on the dorsal side than on the ventral side. The increase in the length of the brain vesicles resulted mainly from that of the prosencephalon, and the rate of increase was three times higher on the dorsal side than on the ventral side of the prosencephalon.
